Abyssinia appeals to League of Nations

In an effort to rectify problems with Italy that have risen in the past month, Abyssinia has made an appeal to the League of Nations. Emperor Selassie made a personal appeal to arbitrate between Abyssinia and Italy.

Italy Abyssinian relations get heated

Six days ago on December 5th, there was a skirmish at Walwal between between Abyssinian troops and Somali troops in service to Italy. The reasons for Italy's alleged aggressive activity are unknown. However, Italy claims that the Abyssinians were armed with machine guns. The Abyssinians claim that the Italians had two tanks and three aircraft. They also claim that the Italians attacked them.

The ratio of casualties was 3:1 with 150 Abyssinians and 50 Italians dead.

On December 6th, the Emperor of Abyssinia, Haile Selassie, protested against aggression that occurred at the border town of Walwal the day before.

Italy demanded an apology two days later. Furthermore, today, the Italians demanded financial and strategic compensation.

Hindenburg's Funeral

President Paul von Hindenburg was honored with an elaborate state funeral today. Last night, his casket was brought to the site in a torch lit parade.

He was laid to rest at Tannenberg, Prussia. His wife Gertrud, who passed away in the 1920's, is buried in Hanover.

Hitler has made himself both Chancellor and President 6 days ago. His new title is Der Führer.

New Laws in Germany

Immediately after the death of President Hindenburg, new laws which took effect with his passing were announced. The edict states:

The Reich Government has enacted the following law which is hereby promulgated.
Section 1. The office of Reich President will be combined with that of Reich Chancellor. The existing authority of the Reich President will consequently be transferred to the Führer and Reich Chancellor, Adolf Hitler. He will select his deputy.
Section 2. This law is effective as of the time of the death of Reich President von Hindenburg.

The same day, members of the Heer, the German Army, were required to take an oath of allegiance to Hitler himself, not the German state or an office. The oath reads:

"I swear by God this sacred oath: I will render unconditional obedience to Adolf Hitler, the Führer of the German Reich and people, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, and will be ready as a brave soldier to risk my life at any time for this oath."

It is unclear of the constitutionality of the laws at this time. Hindenburg's state funeral is set for August 7th.

President Hindenburg Dead

President Paul von Hindenburg, 86, died today at approximately 9 AM local time, in Neudeck, East Prussia, of Lung Cancer. Herr Hindenberg served as President since 1925. He named no successor. Currently, Adolf Hitler is the Chancellor.

Hindenburg was born in Posen, Prussia, on October 2, 1847. His lineage was that of an aristocrat. In fact, his full name, not often used in public, is Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg. He was a direct descendant of Religious leader Martin Luther.

Hindenburg fought in the Army during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. He was present in Versailles when the German Empire was formally proclaimed on January 18th, 1871. He also served in the Honor Guard in the Military Funeral of Emperor William I in 1888.

He was General of the Infantry and retired from the Army in 1910 only to be recalled in 1914 with the outbreak of the Great War.

Though Hindenburg was a noted monarchist all his life, he and a staff member Wilhelm Groener, persuaded Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate for the greater good of Germany. This was an episode of Hindenburg's life that brought him considerable guilt and embarrassment.

From his Army career, he was decorated with some of the highest medals available in the Wehrmacht notably the Iron Cross, the Military Order of Max Joseph, the Order of the Black Eagle and the Pour le Mérite, a Prussian decoration nicknamed the Blue Max and dating to 1740.

Hindenburg became President on May 12, 1925 and took his oath to the Weimar Constitution seriously. He was known for the dignity and decorum he brought to the office. He kept himself above the sniping German politics of the era and seemed to operate more as a constitutional monarch then an elected official. In fact, he was nicknamed the Ersatzkaiser, or Substitute Kaiser.

He won re-election in 1932 though by then was in poor health and of considerable age. After that, he dissolved Parliament twice as politics flared. The new National Socialist Party, or Nazi, had received an enormous amount of the vote. After the Machtergreifung in early 1933, the Reichstag was burned possibly by Communist Party members. Hindenburg signed the Reichstagsbrandverordnung, or the Reichstag Fire Decree, on February 28th. This suspended civil liberties such as that of the Press, Assembly ant Communication Rights.

Hindenburg was a family man. He married Gertrud von Sperling, also an aristocrat, who preceded him in death. From the union there were three children, duaghters Irmengard Pauline and Annemaria and one son Oskar.

German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact

Poland and Germany signed a 10-year Non-Aggression Treaty yesterday.

Both Countries have been aggressive toward each other following the Treaty of Versailles. There has actually been a customs war going between the two for some time.

This pact effectively normalizes relations between the two. It also ends the disputes on the border.

Previously, in October, it was reported in French newspapers that the Polish Embassy in Paris, had been offering to both France and Belgium, to wage a pre-emptive war against Germany and Hitler. Nothing came of this obviously.

The Text of the Agreement translated into English:

The German Government and the Polish Government consider that the time has come to introduce a new phase in the political relations between Germany and Poland by a direct understanding between State and State. They have, therefore, decided to lay down the principles for the future development of these relations in the present declaration.

The two Governments base their action on the fact that the maintenance and guarantee of a lasting peace between their countries is an essential pre-condition for the general peace of Europe.

They have therefore decided to base their mutual relations on the principles laid down in the Pact of Paris of the 17th August, 1928, and propose to define more exactly the application of these principles in so far as the relations between Germany and Poland are concerned.

Each of the two Governments, therefore, lays it down that the international obligations undertaken by it towards a third party do not hinder the peaceful development of their mutual relations, do not conflict with the present declaration, and are not affected by this declaration. They establish, moreover, that this declaration does not extend to those questions which under international law are to be regarded exclusively as the internal concern of one of the two States.

Both Governments announce their intention to settle directly all questions of whatever sort which concern their mutual relations.

Should any disputes arise between them and agreement thereon not be reached by direct negotiation, they will in each particular case, on the basis of mutual agreement, seek a solution by other peaceful means, without prejudice to the possibility of applying, if necessary, those methods of procedure in which provision is made for such cases in other agreements in force between them. In no circumstances, however, will they proceed to the application of force for the purpose of reaching a decision in such disputes.

The guarantee of peace created by these principles will facilitate the great task of both Governments of finding a solution for problems of political, economic and social kinds, based on a just and fair adjustment of the interests of both parties.

Both Governments are convinced that the relations between their countries will in this manner develop fruitfully, and will lead to the establishment of a neighbourly relationship which will contribute to the well-being not only of both their countries, but of the other peoples of Europe as well.

The present declaration shall be ratified, and the instruments of ratification shall be exchanged in Warsaw as soon as possible.

The declaration is valid for a period of ten years, reckoned from the day of the exchange of the instruments of ratification.

If the declaration is not denounced by one of the two Governments six months before the expiration of this period, it will continue in force, but can then be denounced by either Government at any time on notice of six months being given. Made in duplicate in the German and Polish languages.

Berlin, January 26, 1934.
For the German Government:
FREIHERR VON NEURATH.
For the Polish Government
JOSEF LIPSKI.

Americans question participation in 1936 Olympic Games

When the American Olympic Association met last week in Washington everyone knew it would be asked to do something about the status of German Jewish athletes and the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. When the meeting adjourned, many a delegate was still not clear as to exactly what he had done.

The question was first formulated in the annual convention of the Amateur Athletic Union at Pittsburgh, immediately preceding the Olympic meeting. There bald, white-fringed Gustavus Town Kirby took the floor. He recalled the meeting of the International Olympic Committee last June at Vienna, where German delegates promised not to exclude Jews from their teams. Since then, said Mr. Kirby, Jews had not only been barred from teams but by various Nazi rules had even been prevented from training. He offered a resolution calling upon the American Olympic Association to refuse to send a U. S. team to Berlin "unless the [German attitude] is so changed in fact as well as in theory as to both permit and encourage German athletes of Jewish faith or heritage to train, prepare for and participate in the Olympic Games of 1936." The resolution was loudly adopted. On to Washington marched the A. A. U.'s delegates.

Meanwhile the German Olympic Committee retorted that its Vienna pledge would be strictly observed, denied that any discrimination against Jewish athletes was contemplated. But the American Olympic Association had ample evidence of discrimination, not by Government decree but by Nazi-dominated athletic organizations. Boxing clubs banned Jews altogether. In hockey, Jews were removed from the first three teams. According to the Ullstein Vossische Zeitung, Jews were to be excluded from tennis "but individual clubs could retain members belonging in old established families."

Nevertheless the cautious American Olympic Association was not to be stampeded into adopting the A. A. U.'s "boycott" plan. Against fiery old "Gus" Kirby stood equally fiery Brigadier-General Charles H. Sherrill, American member of the International Olympic Committee and onetime Ambassador to Turkey. Barked General Sherrill: "In its present form [this resolution] is a threat to Germany. I move it be amended so as to be a protest. . . ."

The resolution the A. O. A. finally adopted "expressed hope" that restrictions on Jewish athletes would be lifted before the time for preparing for the 1936 games so that U. S. teams "can and will be certified for competition under the Olympic standard."

Reichstagsbrandverordnung!

In response to the fire at the Reichstag, after being asked by newly appointed Chancellor Hitler, President Hindenburg issued a decree yesterday suspending several German Civil Liberties. It goes into effect immediately and would be so until further notice.

The decree, officially called Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat (Order of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State), suspends Article 48 of the German Constitution. Many of the Liberties that have been suspended are the freedom of opinion, Habeas Corpus, Freedom to assemble, Freedom of the press, Freedom, Privacy of Postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications, and warrants being necessary. In addition, property rights have been restricted and the government's ability to confiscate property have been loosened.

In the further articles 2 and 3 of the decree, the Reich government was granted powers normally accorded federal states. Further articles 4 and 5 set out strict penalties such as capital punishment for arson to public buildings. Article 6 of the declaration stated that the decree went into affect at proclamation.

The fire occurred six days prior to scheduled parliamentary elections. This election was set after Hitler's appointment to the Chancellorship. He urged the President to dissolve the Parliament and set these elections.

Reichstag Burns

In Berlin tonight, the Reichstag building burned. It appears to be a case of arson. A Dutch man by the name of Marinus van der Lubbe as found without a shirt in the building. it is believed that the man has recently arrived in the country to carry out this arson attack for the Communist Party.

Berlin firefighters were alerted to the fire at 2200 hours, Berlin time. Within an hour the building was gutted but the fire was extinguished.

New Chancellor of Germany

A new Chancellor is leading Germany. Adolf Hitler, leader of the National Socialist Party has ascended to this position in the German Government. He was appointed today by President Hindenberg on January 30th.

He spoke to the Reichstag upon his appointment on February 1st. In it he outlined his goals for Germany.

He stated that Germany will use two four-year-plans. Farmers would be aided. Measures would undertaken to ease unemployment.

He also went on to state

May the good will of all others assist in the fulfillment of this our earnest wish for the welfare of Europe and of the whole world.

Great as is our love for our Army as the bearer of our arms and the symbol of our great past, we should be happy if the world, by reducing its armaments, would see to it that we need never increase our own.

If, however, Germany is to experience this political and economic revival and conscientiously fulfill her duties toward the other nations, one decisive step is absolutely necessary first: the overcoming of the destroying menace of communism in Germany. We of this Government feel responsible for the restoration of orderly life in the nation and for the final elimination of class madness and class struggle. We recognize no classes, we see only the German people, millions of peasants, bourgeois, and workers who will either overcome together the difficulties of these times or be overcome by them. We are firmly resolved and we have taken our oath. Since the present Reichstag is incapable of lending support to this work, we ask the German people whom we represent to perform the task themselves.

With the worldwide economic situation, this may be fruitful for Germany and its hard economic times.

Japanese invade Manchuria

Japanese forces have landed on the Asian mainland in Manchuria on September 19th.

In response, Korean troops have mobilized.

Republic proclaimed in Spain

The results are in from the election in Spain held two days ago. The Spanish have voted for a Republic.

King Alfonso XIII has indicated that he will not abdicate the throne but he has left the country for Rome, Italy.

King Alfonso XIII allows Free Elections

King Alfonso XIII of Spain has allowed for entirely free elections in his sovereignty for the first time in sixty years.

Morale in the country is very low. The military has already risen up under the King and former Prime Minister, Dámaso Berenguer, who resigned on February 14th of this year. Currently, the Prime Minister is Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas.

Elections are going on throughout Spain today.

Berenguer resigns

General Dámaso Berenguer resigned yesterday under increasing government problems.Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas has been asked to be Prime Minister.

The government after Rivera's departure last year never was able to do much. As prime minister, Berenguer repealed some of the harsher measures introduced by Primo de Rivera, earning his regime the nickname dictablanda ("dictatorship lite") or Parum Mentula.

He also faced a number of problems – increasing demands for the abolition of the monarchy; disorganisation among the country's political parties after seven years of repression, making the calling of prompt elections an impossible task and labour unrest.

The Nazi Party 25 Points

The 25 Points of Hitler's Nazi Party

1 We demand the union of all Germans in a Great Germany on the basis of the principle of self-determination of all peoples.
2 We demand that the German people have rights equal to those of other nations; and that the Peace Treaties of Versailles and St. Germain shall be abrogated.
3 We demand land and territory (colonies) for the maintenance of our people and the settlement of our surplus population.
4 Only those who are our fellow countrymen can become citizens. Only those who have German blood, regardless of creed, can be our countrymen. Hence no Jew can be a countryman.
5 Those who are not citizens must live in Germany as foreigners and must be subject to the law of aliens.
6 The right to choose the government and determine the laws of the State shall belong only to citizens. We therefore demand that no public office, of whatever nature, whether in the central government, the province, or the municipality, shall be held by anyone who is not a citizen.
We wage war against the corrupt parliamentary administration whereby men are appointed to posts by favour of the party without regard to character and fitness.7 We demand that the State shall above all undertake to ensure that every citizen shall have the possibility of living decently and earning a livelihood. If it should not be possible to feed the whole population, then aliens (non-citizens) must be expelled from the Reich.
8 Any further immigration of non-Germans must be prevented. We demand that all non-Germans who have entered Germany since August 2, 1914, shall be compelled to leave the Reich immediately.
9 All citizens must possess equal rights and duties.
10 The first duty of every citizen must be to work mentally or physically. No individual shall do any work that offends against the interest of the community to the benefit of all.
Therefore we demand: 11 That all unearned income, and all income that does not arise from work, be abolished.
12 Since every war imposes on the people fearful sacrifices in blood and treasure, all personal profit arising from the war must be regarded as treason to the people. We therefore demand the total confiscation of all war profits.
13 We demand the nationalization of all trusts.
14 We demand profit-sharing in large industries.
15 We demand a generous increase in old-age pensions.
16 We demand the creation and maintenance of a sound middle-class, the immediate communalisation of large stores which will be rented cheaply to small trades people, and the strongest consideration must be given to ensure that small traders shall deliver the supplies needed by the State, the provinces and municipalities.
17 We demand an agrarian reform in accordance with our national requirements, and the enactment of a law to expropriate the owners without compensation of any land needed for the common purpose. The abolition of ground rents, and the prohibition of all speculation in land.
18 We demand that ruthless war be waged against those who work to the injury of the common welfare. Traitors, usurers, profiteers, etc., are to be punished with death, regardless of creed or race.
19 We demand that Roman law, which serves a materialist ordering of the world, be replaced by German common law.
20 In order to make it possible for every capable and industrious German to obtain higher education, and thus the opportunity to reach into positions of leadership, the State must assume the responsibility of organizing thoroughly the entire cultural system of the people. The curricula of all educational establishments shall be adapted to practical life. The conception of the State Idea (science of citizenship) must be taught in the schools from the very beginning. We demand that specially talented children of poor parents, whatever their station or occupation, be educated at the expense of the State.
21 The State has the duty to help raise the standard of national health by providing maternity welfare centres, by prohibiting juvenile labour, by increasing physical fitness through the introduction of compulsory games and gymnastics, and by the greatest possible encouragement of associations concerned with the physical education of the young.
22 We demand the abolition of the regular army and the creation of a national (folk) army.
23 We demand that there be a legal campaign against those who propagate deliberate political lies and disseminate them through the press. In order to make possible the creation of a German press, we demand:
(a) All editors and their assistants on newspapers published in the German language shall be German citizens.
(b) Non-German newspapers shall only be published with the express permission of the State. They must not be published in the German language.
(c) All financial interests in or in any way affecting German newspapers shall be forbidden to non-Germans by law, and we demand that the punishment for transgressing this law be the immediate suppression of the newspaper and the expulsion of the non-Germans from the Reich.
Newspapers transgressing against the common welfare shall be suppressed. We demand legal action against those tendencies in art and literature that have a disruptive influence upon the life of our folk, and that any organizations that offend against the foregoing demands shall be dissolved. 24 We demand freedom for all religious faiths in the state, insofar as they do not endanger its existence or offend the moral and ethical sense of the Germanic race.
The party as such represents the point of view of a positive Christianity without binding itself to any one particular confession. It fights against the Jewish materialist spirit within and without, and is convinced that a lasting recovery of our folk can only come about from within on the principle:
COMMON GOOD BEFORE INDIVIDUAL GOOD
25 In order to carry out this program we demand: the creation of a strong central authority in the State, the unconditional authority by the political central parliament of the whole State and all its organizations.
The formation of professional committees and of committees representing the several estates of the realm, to ensure that the laws promulgated by the central authority shall be carried out by the federal states.
The leaders of the party undertake to promote the execution of the foregoing points at all costs, if necessary at the sacrifice of their own lives.

Berenguer to be Spanish PM

After Rivera's departure, Spanish King Alfonso XIII demanded Cuban-born Aristocrat Dámaso Berenguer, 1st Count of Xauen, to create government. This was done very quickly after Rivera tended his resignation.

Berenguer is a General and has served as the Minister of War. In 1923, he faced court martial but after Rivera's coup d'état, he was released from any criminality.

Spanish Prime Minister resigns

Miguel Primo de Rivera, resigned as Prime Minister of Spain yesterday.

He had the support of both the military and King Alfonso XIII until recently. The dictator seized power in 1923. In the last few months he began to promote officers for political reasons which created unease throughout the military.

With lukewarm and less support and the King's withdrawal of support, he could see that his government would be deposed. He resigned allowing the King to invite another gentleman to create a new government.

Bürgerbräukeller Crisis

A Political Party declared a revolution in Germany at the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich, Southern Germany. A leader of the party, Adolf Hitler, said, shortly after firing a single shot into the ceiling of the beer hall that

The national revolution has broken out! The hall is filled with six hundred men. Nobody is allowed to leave. The Bavarian government and the government at are deposed. A new government will be formed at once. The barracks of the Reichswehr and those of the police are occupied. Both have rallied to the swastika.

They did not allow people to leave, even to use the facilities. Some were able to escape using the kitchen.

There have been many speeches made by Hitler's associates such a Herman Göring, Joseph Goebbels, Rudolf Hess, Max Amann, Ulrich Graf, Wilhelm Adam and Ernst Hanfstaengl.